An examination of governance within extended producer responsibility policy regimes in North America

Extended producer responsibility seeks to integrate environmental impacts into the product lifecycle and achieve greater economic efficiencies in the management of products at end of life. For such integration to be actualized, however, producers may need to be accorded greater programmatic authority and flexibility than is often in some EPR policies that stipulate defined roles for other entities along the product chain. The proper allocation of responsibility among the parties and, in particular, the roles of the producers and local authorities remains a principal component of EPR policy construction. The analysis outlines four broad categories of financial and programmatic responsibility that currently reside within EPR programs in North America. The article concludes with recommendations for a research agenda to further define the governance characteristics that result in effective and efficient EPR programs.     

中国生态环境质量与经济协同发展研究

经济发展与生态环境保护相协调、双赢是生态文明建设的核心，也是生态文明的基本特征。本研究使用生态质量、环境质量以及经济发展指标构建协同发展指数，评估我国337个地级及以上城市2017年的生态环境质量与经济发展的协同度，按照评估结果将337个城市分为协同增长、金色污染、绿色贫困和拮抗发展4种类型。评估结果显示，2017年中国经济发展指数优于生态环境质量。其中，金色污染类型城市数量最多（122个，占总面积的21.89%）；绿色贫困类型城市面积占比最大（76个，占总面积的32.86%）；拮抗发展类型城市65个，占总面积的30.26%；协同增长类型城市74个，占总面积的14.99%。通过量化生态环境质量与经济发展的协同程度，以期为生态文明建设和“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念实践提供科学理论支撑。     

创新型社会生活噪声污染防治体系构建研究

社会生活噪声具有量大、面广、分散、影响不持续、监管难度大等特点，本文以现代化环境治理视角和社会治理视角深入剖析了我国当前社会生活噪声污染防治存在的问题，结合社会生活噪声污染防治的特殊属性及其防治的有效实践，分析2021年新修订的《中华人民共和国噪声污染防治法》中防治措施的内在联系，提出构建创新型社会生活噪声污染防治体系。该体系要求在政府主导的环境治理领域充分发挥社会各界的力量，强化社会共治，新增公众自治，将环境治理同社会治理有机结合，既强调公众参与到政府主导的环境治理工作中，又强调社会各主体多元共治和自我管理，是社会生活噪声领域公众参与的升级版。最后，本文建议以宁静区域创建为切入点，通过有关监管部门联合发布宁静区域创建指导意见；地方政府落地实施，完善管理和技术指标体系；加大宣传教育，提高德治和自治水平，以点带面逐步拓展宁静区域范围，实现创新型社会生活噪声污染防治体系的实质有效性。     

外部压力＋内部能力：政府治理双重维度对碳排放强度的影响研究

碳排放峰值和碳中和的“30/60目标”对政府环境治理提出了更高的要求，如何从政府治理压力和治理能力的视角探寻其与碳减排的关系，为助力中国“双碳”目标的实现提供了新的思路。本文选取中国 30个省（区、市） 2010—2020年的面板数据，通过直接效应、中介效应、空间溢出效应系统考察了政府外部治理压力和内部治理能力对碳减排的协同影响路径。研究发现，外部治理压力和内部治理能力均显著降低了碳排放强度，且内外部治理双重维度产生了显著的协同减排效应，在运用倾向得分匹配法和工具变量法进行稳健性检验时，该结论依然成立。此外，内外部治理双重维度对碳减排的驱动作用因地区分布差异和产业结构差异而存在异质性。中介效应分析结果表明绿色技术创新是内外部治理双重维度降低碳排放强度的重要机制。空间溢出效应分析表明内外部治理双重维度对邻近地区的碳排放强度存在负向空间溢出效应。     

Resource users as land-sea links in coastal and marine socioecological systems

Coastal zones, which connect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are among the most resource-rich regions globally and home to nearly 40% of the global human population. Because human land-based activities can alter natural processes in ways that affect adjacent aquatic ecosystems, land-sea interactions are increasingly recognized as critical to coastal conservation planning and governance. However, the complex socioeconomic dynamics inherent in coastal and marine socioecological systems (SESs) have received little consideration. Drawing on knowledge generalized from long-term studies in Caribbean Nicaragua, we devised a conceptual framework that clarifies the multiple ways socioeconomically driven behavior can link the land and sea. In addition to other ecosystem effects, the framework illustrates how feedbacks resulting from changes to aquatic resources can influence terrestrial resource management decisions and land uses. We assessed the framework by applying it to empirical studies from a variety of coastal SESs. The results suggest its broad applicability and highlighted the paucity of research that explicitly investigates the effects of human behavior on coastal SES dynamics. We encourage researchers and policy makers to consider direct, indirect, and bidirectional cross-ecosystem links that move beyond traditionally recognized land-to-sea processes.     

A qualitative systematic review of governance principles for mangrove conservation

Management of mangrove ecosystems is complex, given that mangroves are both terrestrial and marine, often cross regional or national boundaries, and are valued by local stakeholders in different ways than they are valued on national and international scales. Thus, mangrove governance has had varying levels of success, analyzed through concepts such as principles of good governance and procedural justice in decision-making. Although there is substantial research on case studies of mangrove management, global comparisons of mangrove governance are lacking. This research aims to fill this gap by comparing relationships among qualities of governance across mangrove social-ecological systems worldwide. Through a systematic literature search and screening process, we identified 65 articles that discussed mangrove governance and conservation. Case studies in these articles, drawn from 39 countries, were categorized as top-down, bottom-up, or comanaged and thematically coded to assess the influence of eight principles of good governance in mangrove conservation success. Across all three governance systems, the principles of legitimacy, fairness, and integration were most important in determining conservation success or failure. These principles are closely related to the concept of procedural justice, highlighting the importance of stakeholder inclusion throughout all stages of mangrove management. Thus, we recommend clearly defined roles for all governance actors, transparent communication of policy development to stakeholders, fairness in both process and outcome, and careful consideration of sustainable access to conservation resources.     

国内外生态环境观测研究台站网络发展概况

生态环境观测研究台站是开展生态环境研究的重要手段。《国家环境保护"十二五"科技发展规划》将国家环境保护野外观测研究站作为"十二五"能力建设重点内容。分析了目前国内外主要生态环境监测网络,如区域尺度的全球环境监测系统(GEMS)、全球陆地观测系统(GTOS)、国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER)、全球通量观测网络(FLUXNET)和国际生物多样性观测网络(GEO·BON),以及国家尺度的美国长期生态研究网络(US-LTER)、英国环境变化监测网络(ECN)和中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的发展历程、观测研究进展;总结了生态环境监测网站的发展趋势,即重视台站的联网观测研究,注重观测标准化和规范化及数据共享,重视观测手段智能化与自动化,注重综合观测与模型模拟相结合;提出国家环境保护生态监测台站网络是现有国家环境监测网络的拓展和完善,也是今后开展区域生态环境综合监测与评估的重要基础。     

跨国公司环境治理机制研究——以“供应链法”域外适用为依归

欧美诸国近年来相继推行的“供应链法”是完善跨国公司环境治理机制的新路径，但存在侵犯主权独立等诸多隐忧。本文以加强跨国公司环境治理为出发点，探讨了跨国公司母国“供应链法”域外适用机制的理论依据及实践经验。并从我国立场出发提出，鉴于“环境权”与“其他人权”存在法理差异及避免政治争议考量，我国学者和相关企业应当在国际层面积极呼吁将环境问题与其他人权问题分开处理。同时，我国相关部门应当吸取“供应链法”域外适用机制的有利经验，实现从行业协会引导到政府部门主导，从软法到硬法，逐步建立和完善我国跨国公司治理的国内法域外适用机制。最后，我国主管部门应当尽早颁行《阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法》的配套实施机制，以期将他国法律政治化域外适用对我国主权的不利影响降至最低。     

城市生活垃圾分类强制实施背景下“一主多元”治理模式的主体策略演化分析

随着经济不断发展和人民消费水平提升，垃圾分类治理问题日益严峻。实践经验表明，强制实施背景下政府主导与承包商、公众和环保组织为核心的多元主体共同参与的“一主多元”协作模式，对于我国垃圾分类治理具有较好适用性。但该模式也存在“一主”突出、“多元”不足及其他系统性冲突。为明确多元主体参与策略对“一主多元”治理模式稳定性的影响，首先，本文分析了城市生活垃圾分类强制实施背景下该模式运行机制及主体动因。然后，构建以承包商、公众和环保组织为主体的三方演化博弈系统，对不同策略组合下系统的演化结果进行演绎。最后，借助数值仿真分析了参与成本、环境收益和政府补贴对主体策略选择及系统稳定性的影响。结果表明：环保组织参与垃圾分类治理的积极性最高，公众最低；对于系统运行风险，承包商属于风险偏好者，环保组织属于风险回避者，公众属于风险中立者；承包商对参与成本最敏感，对政府补贴最不敏感，公众则正好与之相反；环境收益的提升有助于提高多元主体的参与积极性。这些发现对于如何提升多元主体参与垃圾分类治理的积极性及“一主多元”治理模式的运行效能具有启示意义。